Arnold Joseph Toynbee was born on Palm Sunday, 14 April 1889, in his great uncle's house near Paddington station, London. His name was a burden in itself, commemorating, as it did, the infant's famous uncle, Arnold, and his spectacularly successful grandfather, Joseph. The burden became the greater as his father's career faltered, focusing his mother's hopes and aspirations more and more on her…
AS THIS STUDY NEARS COMPLETION, SPANISH AMERICA continues in the midst of a profound revolution: a revolution whose ideological dimension is no less important than its economic, social, or political dimensions. In assessing this revolution those who are unfamiliar with the Hispanie world-especially North Americans- are quite likely to underestimate the intellectual forces at work just as they a…
The practice of history has to contend with philosophies of history that exist in two different worlds. One is inhabited by philosophers, the other by historians. Workers in these different worlds rarely attend to the work of each other, despite overlap- ping interests. Nowhere is this more true than in questions surrounding what philosophers call realism and what historians call objectivity. T…
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