The dawn of the 20th century found much of the world in a mood of opti mism and expectation. Perhaps in my own ever-hopeful country above all, people in the year 1900 truly believed in the beneficence of human nature, the perfectibility of social institutions, the inevitability of reform, the obsolescence of war, and the coming reign through the 20th century of reason and of peace.rn
In 1513 the first European sailors, four Porte- guese ships under the command of de Alvin, arrived from Malacca which had been conquered two years earlier by Alfonso d'Albuquerque They were looking for spices, especially pepper An eye-witness, Tomé Pires, tells us of a deep harbour, bustling and well-organised. Some years later, the Portuguese Enrique Leme visited Kalapa with presents for the …
In the summer of 1993 the journal Foreign Affairs published an article of mine titled The Clash of Civilizations?" That article, according to the Foreign Affairs editors, stirred up more discussion in three years than any other article they had published since the 1940s. It certainly stirred up more debate in three years than anything else I have written. The responses and comments on it have c…
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Ind/21/01.2025
saif/11/02/2025
Ind/03/03/2025
As far as the Philippines is concerned Christianity brought to us a mixture of evil and good. For one thing the Spanish Christianization ushered in this country a period of religious wars that lasted almost three hundred years in which the Spaniards were the aggressors. Had they not sent punitive expeditions to Mindanao and Sulu, the religious wars could have been avoided, and thousands of live…
ON SEPTEMBER 11, Jihad's long war against McWorld culmi- nated in a fearsomely unprecedented and altogether astonish- ing assault on the temple of free enterprise in New York City and the cathedral of American military might in Washington, D.C. In bring ing down the twin towers of the World Trade Center and destroying a section of the Pentagon with diabolically contrived human bombs, Jihadic wa…