Validator rst/16/05/2025
Validasi Anc 16/05/25rnTwo distinguished historians, one an advocate of the new scientific or cliometric" history and the other a traditional historian, debate the validity of their respective methods of studying the past. While they differ sharply on many issues, in the end they agree that history is a vigorous, evolving discipline able to absorb the best of both scientific and humanistic thou…
Validasi Anc 16/05/25rn25/1/2021 sen
Validasi rst/16/05/2025
Ind/27/02/2025
In 1513 the first European sailors, four Porte- guese ships under the command of de Alvin, arrived from Malacca which had been conquered two years earlier by Alfonso d'Albuquerque They were looking for spices, especially pepper An eye-witness, Tomé Pires, tells us of a deep harbour, bustling and well-organised. Some years later, the Portuguese Enrique Leme visited Kalapa with presents for the …
In the summer of 1993 the journal Foreign Affairs published an article of mine titled The Clash of Civilizations?" That article, according to the Foreign Affairs editors, stirred up more discussion in three years than any other article they had published since the 1940s. It certainly stirred up more debate in three years than anything else I have written. The responses and comments on it have c…
As far as the Philippines is concerned Christianity brought to us a mixture of evil and good. For one thing the Spanish Christianization ushered in this country a period of religious wars that lasted almost three hundred years in which the Spaniards were the aggressors. Had they not sent punitive expeditions to Mindanao and Sulu, the religious wars could have been avoided, and thousands of live…
DURING the first six months of 1936 Collingwood wrote thirty- two lectures on The Philosophy of History. The manuscript falls into two parts, each of which he intended to work up into a book. The first is an historical account of how the modern idea of history has developed from Herodotus to the twentieth century; the second consists of 'metaphysical epilegomena' or philosophical reflections on…